FROM STREET-LEVEL TO SYSTEM-LEVEL BUREAUCRACIES: HOW INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IS TRANSFORMING ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL

BOVENS, MARK;ZOURIDIS, STAVROS

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, n.º 2/2002, pág. 174

1. The Issue: Discretionary Power of Civil Servants in the Constitutional State. 2. Street-Level Bureaucracies and the Constitutional State. 3. From Street-Level through Screen-Level to System-Level Bureaucracy. 4. The Characteristics of System-Level Bureaucracies. 5. The System-Level Bureaucracy and the Constitutional State. 6. Disciplining the System-Level Bureaucracy. 7. Hardship Clauses and Panels. 8. Transparency as a Constitutional Ideal.